GESTATIONAL DIABETES MELLITUS: EPIDEMIOLOGY, DIAGNOSIS, MANAGEMENT, AND STRATEGIES FOR MATERNAL HEALTH

Abstract

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) represents a condition characterized by impaired glucose tolerance that emerges or is first recognized during pregnancy. This comprehensive review examines the epidemiological patterns, underlying causes, clinical manifestations, diagnostic approaches, complications, and therapeutic strategies associated with GDM. A systematic literature search was performed using databases including PubMed, Cochrane Library, and specialized repositories to compile accurate data and pertinent research findings. The global incidence of GDM continues to rise, particularly within developing nations, driven by factors including sedentary behavior patterns, increasing rates of overweight and obesity, and limited health literacy among women in their childbearing years. Key risk determinants contributing to GDM development include older maternal age, genetic predisposition to diabetes, and prior GDM episodes. Clinical complications encompass maternal conditions such as preeclampsia and hypertension, alongside adverse fetal outcomes including excessive birth weight and neonatal hypoglycemia. Critical diagnostic approaches involve oral glucose tolerance testing (OGTT) and hemoglobin A1c measurements. Comprehensive management encompasses nutritional modifications, physical activity programs, glucose level surveillance, and pharmacological treatment when indicated. Targeted nutritional interventions demonstrate particular effectiveness in optimizing blood sugar control among pregnant women diagnosed with GDM.

Prevention strategies focus on patient education, weight management, and pre-pregnancy counseling. This analysis underscores the critical need for behavioral modifications, timely screening protocols, and enhanced awareness campaigns to address the growing public health impact of GDM while promoting optimal maternal and fetal health outcomes.

Keywords: Gestational Diabetes Mellitus, Pregnancy, Risk Factors, Glycemic Control, Maternal and Neonatal Health