Role Of Omega-3 Fatty Acids In Reducing The Risk Of Pre-Term Labour

Abstract

Background: Preterm labour remains a leading cause of neonatal morbidity and mortality worldwide, particularly in low- and middle-income countries. Objective: To evaluate the effectiveness of omega-3 fatty acid supplementation in reducing the incidence of preterm labour and low birth weight among pregnant women in their first trimester. Methodology: This descriptive study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Allied 2 (DHQ) Hospital, Faisalabad from 5 February 2025 to 5 June 2025. A total of 140 pregnant women aged 18–35 years with singleton pregnancies were enrolled using non-probability consecutive sampling. Participants received daily oral supplementation of omega-3 fatty acids (MEGA-3 capsules containing EPA 180 mg) before 20 weeks of gestation. They were followed monthly until 28 weeks and fortnightly until 36 weeks. Results: The overall rate of preterm delivery was 12.1%. Among women with good compliance to omega-3 supplementation, the rate of preterm birth was significantly lower (5.6%) compared to those with poor compliance (19.1%) (p = 0.014). Similarly, low birth weight occurred in 6.9% of the good compliance group versus 23.5% in the poor compliance group (p = 0.032). A previous history of preterm labour and low maternal BMI were also significantly associated with current preterm delivery (p = 0.002 and p = 0.008, respectively). Conclusion: Omega-3 fatty acid supplementation during early pregnancy is associated with a reduced risk of preterm labour and low birth weight. Given its safety, affordability, and clinical benefit, routine omega-3 supplementation may be considered as part of antenatal nutritional care, especially in high-risk populations.

Keywords: Omega-3 fatty acids, preterm labour, low birth weight, pregnancy outcomes, EPA